This session focuses on the short-lived attempts to facilitate civil rights and Black integration into White America post Emancipation, during the Reconstruction period. The content explores the presidencies of Andrew Johnson, Ulysses Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, Chester Arthur…..up to Theodore Roosevelt. Some of the topics include the emergence of federally sponsored land laws that provided land grants to White Americans in the northern, southern, and western U.S. territories; the creation of the prison industrial complex and convict leasing as the replacement of slavery (individual imprisonment/ownership and forced labor vs. communal imprisonment/ownership and forced labor); as well as the emergence of rampant modern-day lynching of Black people across the United States, and the role government and law enforcement played in facilitating organized terror.